Tuesday, 8 September 2020

Types of Valve

 Check Valve: 

  • Also called non-returns valves.
  • Automatically prevents reversal of flow.
  • Fitted to release air automatically when a pipeline is being filled.
  • Also called Reflux valve.
Sluice Valve:

  • Used to regulate the flow of water through pipes.
  • Used for isolating or scouring.
  • It will seal well under high pressures.
Scour Valve:

  • Provided to stop the flow of water to remove silt manually
  • Also used to release water to eject the silt that might have got collected in the pipe.
  • Also called Blow off valve or Drain valve.
Relief Valve or Safety Valve:

  • Also known as pressure relief valve or cut-off valve
  • This valve is used when the pressure of the water suddenly exceeds the permissible pressure due to water hammer phenomenon, then the valve is opened automatically and the excess pressure is released instantaneously and it will save the pipe line from bursting.

 

Facts about SPT Test and CPT Test

 CPT Test:

  •  Cone Penetration Resistance: It is the ratio of total force acting on the cone to the base area of the cone (10 cm^2).
  • Sleeve frictional resistance or local side friction is defined as the ratio of force required to push the friction jacket to the surface area of friction jacket.
  • Friction ratio is defined as the ratio of sleeve frictional resistance to cone penetration resistance.
  • Friction ratio is the important parameter for classifying soil.
    Soil Classification based on friction ratio:

                   Friction Ratio (%)                         Type of soil

                      0-0.50                                        Loose Gravel Fill
                      0.5-2.0                                       Sand or Gravels
                        2-5                                          Clayey sand and silts
                       >5                                             Clay, Peats


Correlation between CPT and SPT:

State of sand                   Relative Density(%)            N-Value           Cone Penetration Resistance(MPa)

  Very Loose                               <15                           <  4                          <2.0
  Loose                                     15-35                         4-10                          2-4
  Medium                                  35-65                        10-30                        4-12
    Dense                                   65-85                         30-50                       12-20
Very Dense                               > 85                          >50                            >20

Saturday, 5 September 2020

SPT value related to consistency of clay

   Consistency                         N-Value                      UCS (in kPa)

  Very Soft                                0-2                                <25

    Soft                                       2-4                               25-50

 Medium                                    4-8                              50-100

  Stiff                                          8-15                           100-200

 Very Stiff                                 15-30                           200-400

  Hard                                          >30                              >400

SPT values related to relative density of cohesionless soil

 Relative Density(%)       Compactness             N-value                     Angle of internal friction in degree

  0-15                                  Very Loose              0-4                                 <28

15-35                                      Loose                   4-10                              28-30

35-65                                   Medium                  10-30                             30-36

65-85                                   Dense                      30-50                            36-41

>85                                    Very Dense               >50                                >41

Wednesday, 2 September 2020

Soil Classification

 Unified Soil classification system:

  • This classification was given by Casagrande.
  • Soil is divided into 4 groups (Coarse grained soil, fine grained soil,organic soil and peat)
  • Prefix and suffix used in USCS
  • Soil Type       Prefix                 Soil Subgroup                  Suffix
  • Gravel              G                       Well Graded                      W
  • Sand                 S                       Poorly Graded                    P
  • Clay                C                        Clayey                                C
  • Silt                   M                       Silty                                  M
  • Organic            O                       If liquid Limit<50%          L(Low Plasticity/compressibility)
  • Peat                  Pt                      If Liquid Limit>50%         H (High Plasticity/Compressibility)
American Association of State Highway Transport Official (AASHTO)

  • In this classification soil is subdivided into 8 groups namely A-1 to A-7 and A-8 for the Peat or Muck soil.
  • Soil is classified on the basis of Group Index(GI)
  • GI = 0.2 a + 0.005 ac + 0.01 bd
          Where,   a = p-35 and should not exceed 40 ,         b = p-15 and should not exceed 40 
                        c = L.L- 40 and should not exceed 20,     d = P.I - 10 and should not exceed 20

                        L.L = liquid Limit, P.I = Plasticity Index and p = %  finer

Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS)

  • Extension of USCS
  • Intermediate compressibilty is introduced(I)

  • Soil Type       Prefix                 Soil Subgroup                  Suffix
    • Gravel              G                       Well Graded                      W
    • Sand                 S                       Poorly Graded                    P
    • Clay                C                        Clayey                                C
    • Silt                   M                       Silty                                  M
    • Organic            O                       If liquid Limit<35%          L(Low compressibility)
    • Peat                  Pt                      If Liquid Limit>50%         H (High Compressibility)
    •                                                   If 35% <L.L <50 %           I (Intermediate Compressibility)
    Classification of Fine Grained Soil 
    • Classification is based on plasticity chart
    • Equation of A-line :    Ip = 0.73 (L.L -20)

    • Soil classification


    Saturday, 22 August 2020

    Boundary Layer Theory

    •  Boundary layer concept was given by L. Prandtl (Father of Fluid Mechanics)
    • Boundary layer thickness is defined as the distance from the boundary where velocity at a distance y from the surface(u) is approximately equal to the free stream velocity(U)
    • Three mathematical expression were derived namely
    •    (a) Displacement Thickness
    •    (b) Momentum Thickness
    •    (c) Energy Thickness
    • shape factor is the ratio of displacement thickness to  momentum thickness 

    Thursday, 20 August 2020

    Geotechnical Engineering

    •  Soil classification on the basis of their transporting agency 
                  Soil                                                  Transporting Agency

           Aeolian Soil                                                   Wind

          Alluvial Soil                                                 River Water

         Lacustrine soil                                            Still water like Lakes

             Marine soil                                                    Sea Water
      
            Glacial Deposit                                                 Ice

    • Black Cotton Soil has very high expansive behavior due to the presence of clay mineral Montmorillonite.
    • Montmorillonite clay mineral is also called 2:1 Clay mineral . 

    Saturday, 28 March 2020

    Earth Pressure Theory (Lecture-03)

    Earth Pressure Theory (Lecture-02)

    Earth Pressure Theory (Lecture-01)

    Design of column (Lecture-02)

    Design of column (Lecture-01)

    Deflection of beam (Lecture-02)

    Deflection of beam(Lecture-01)

    Link of video lecture-3 on Lateral Earth Pressure Theory

    Assignment-II (Introduction to Solid Mechanics)

    Please find the link below

    Assignment-II

    Link of video lecture-2 on Deflection of Beam

    Please click on the link given below to watch video

    Link of video lecture-2 on Deflection of Beam

    Monday, 23 March 2020

    Lecture Notes of Design of Beam in Torsion

    Please find the link below:

    Design of Beam in Torsion



    Engineering Mathematics



                                             Mathematics is the Queen of Science

    Properties of Matrix

    •  A(adjA) = (adjA) A = |A| In

    • adj(kA) = k^n-1 (adjA)

    •  adj(AB) = (adjB). (adjA)

    • a square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0 and non singular if |A| is not equal to zero

    • a square matrix is said to be symmetric if A^T = A and skew symmetric if A^T = -A

    • The main diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are zero

    • If A is orthogonal matrix then |A| not equal to zero , in fact |A| = plus or minus 1


    Happy Learning

    Building Materials (Cement)

                                                                             Topic: Building Materials

    Facts about Cement:

    •  Chemical composition of cement
                     Lime( CaO) : 62 to 67 %

                     Silica (SiO2): 17to 25%

                     Alumina (Al2O3) : 3 to 8 %

                     Calcium sulphate (CaSO4): 3 to 4%

                     Iron Oxide(Fe2O3) : 3 to 4%

                     Magnesia (MgO): 0.1 to 3%

                     Sulphur: 1 to 3 %

                     Soda and Potash: 0.5 to 1.3%
    • Bogue's Compound
                    C3S(Tricalcium silicate) (3CaO.SiO2) : 30 to 50%

                    C2S(Dicalcium Silicate)(2CaO.SiO2) : 20 to 45%

                    C3A(Tricalcium Aluminate)(3CaO.Al2O3) : 8 to 12%

                    C4AF(Tetracalcium Alumino Ferrite)  ( 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3): 6 to 10%           
                   
            Note:

    •  C3S is also called Alite


    • C2S is also called Belite


    • C3A is also called Celite

    • C4AF is also called Felite

    •  Laboratory Test for Cement

                   1. Normal Consistency Test

                    Apparatus : Vicat apparatus

                   2. Initial and final setting time test

                   Apparatus : Vicat apparatus

                   3. Sondness Test

                  Soundness of cement is determined by Le Chatelier's method or Autoclave test

                   4. Fineness Test

                 There are three methods for testing fineness
                      (a) sieve method
                      (b) Air permeability method ( Nurse and Blaine's method)
                      (c) sedimentation method or Wagner's method)

                   5. Heat of hydration Test

                     Apparatus: Calorimeter

                   6. Specific Gravity test

                      Apparatus: Le Chatelier's flask

                   7. Tensile strength test

                         Tensile strength of cement is obtained by Briquette test

                   8. Compressive strength test

                      Size of Cube Mould:  7.06 cm
              
                 


    Happy Learning

    Important Formulas used in Structural Analysis

                                                            Topic: Structural Analysis
    •  Degree of kinematic indeterminacy(Degree of freedom)
                          Pin jointed plane frame
                          DOF = 2J-R
                          Pin jointed space frame
                          DOF = 3J-R
                          Plane frame rigid joint
                          DOF = 3J-R
                          Space frame rigid joint
                          DOF = 6J-R
    Note: 1. Beam joint is considered as rigid joint
    2. One internal hinge introduced 4 additional degree of freedom for plane frame and 9 for space frame
    3. Hinge is not a joint

    • Degree of Static indeterminacy ( Ds)
    Hunderson Rule ( Tree like structure method)
    For plane frame
    Ds= 3C -R'
    For Space frame
    Ds= 6C-R'
    Where C = No of cuts required to make the structure tree like
    R' = Number of constraints required to make structure tree like
    Note: 1. Ds = Dse + Dsi
    Dse= Number of support reaction-3
    .Truss
    Degree of indeterminacy = m+R-2J
    Where m is total number of members
    R is the reaction
    J is number of joint
    Note: 1.If m+R >2J Stable
    2. If m+ R<2J Unstable
    3. If all the support reactions are parallel then structure is not stable
    4. For stability of structure the reactive forces should be non concurrent.

    Happy Learning

    Lecture Notes of Design of Beam in Shear

    Please click on the link given below to read Lecture Notes

    Lecture Notes of design of Beam in Shear

    Saturday, 21 March 2020

    Quiz- II

    Please find the link of Quiz-II
    Quiz-II

    Quiz I

    Quiz-I
     Click on the Quiz-I to get the link of Quiz I

    IS 456:2000 (Plain and Reinforced concrete code of practice)

    Some Facts about IS 456:2000 ( Useful for Gate and ESE Exam)

    • The pH value of water for making concrete shall not be less than 6
    • Permissible limits of solids
                          Solids                                                  Permissible limits (mg/l)
                          Organic                                                       200


                          Inorganic                                                    3000

                         Sulphate (as SO3)                                        400

                          Chlorides (as Cl)                                         2000 for concrete not containing embedded                                                                                               steel and 500 for reinforced concrete work

                         Suspended matter                                          2000       


    • Size of Aggregate: The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate should be as large as possible within the limits specified but in no case greater than one-fourth of the minimum thickness of the member, provided that the concrete can be placed without difficulty so as to surround all reinforcement thoroughly and fill the comers of the form, For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable. Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger size may be permitted.  
    • Grade of concrete 
            Ordinary Concrete :        M10, M15, M20
            Standard Concrete:          M25 to M55
            High strength Concrete: M60 to M80
    • Flexural strength of concrete (fcr)
                                Flexural strength (fcr)  = 0.7 √fck
           
    where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2 
    • The short term modulus of elasticity of concrete can be computed as
                                         Ecs = 5000 √fck           
                          Ec is the short tern static modulus of elasticity in N/mm2 
    • Actual measured values may differ by ± 20 percent from the values obtained from the above expression.
    • The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the constituents of concrete, size of the member and environmental conditions. For a given humidity and temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most influenced by the total amount of water present in the concrete at the time of mixing and, to a lesser extent, by the cement content.
    • In the absence of test data, the approximate value of the total shrinkage strain for design may be taken as 0.0003 
    • Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the factors listed above, on the stress in the concrete, age at loading and the duration of leading. 
    • In the absence of experimental data the creep coefficient (Ɵ) can be computed as
                                 Age at Loading                          Creep Coefficient

                                      7 days                                              2.2

                                      28 days                                            1.6

                                       1 year                                             1.1

    • The long term young's modulus of elasticity (Ecl) can be computed as 
                                              Ecl  =     Ecs /1+  Ɵ       =  5000 √fck     /1+  Ɵ






                     Happy Learning











    Friday, 20 March 2020

    Hello learners, welcome to this learning platform.

     I am here to update your  civil engineering knowledge for Gate and ESE exam. Stay tuned for more updates

    Rashid Mustafa

    Assistant Professor and Head of the Department
    Department of Civil Engineering

    Qualifications
      Pursuing Ph.D
      M.Tech-Civil Engineering(Geotechnical Engineering)-IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai,India(2014)
      B.Tech-Civil Engineering-Aligarh Muslim University(AMU)(2012)
    Area of Research
      Reduction of Earth Pressure on Retaining Wall
      Numerical Modeling of Retaining Wall
      Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering
      Numerical Analysis of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining wall
      Reliability Analysis of Retraining wall
    Professional Experience
      3 years Teaching Experience
    Publications
    1.  Rashid Mustafa, WasimAkram, SahzadaAman, and Mohd.Asif(2017); "Reduction of lateral earth pressure on rigid retaining walls using EPS geofoam inclusions", International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering,(ISSN(O):2454-9665,ISSN(P):2454-0663,Impact Factor: 2.03 ,Vol.3,Issue 04, pp.878-882)
    2.  Mohd.Asif, SahzadaAman,Rashid Mustafa and WasimAkram(2017); "Analysis of self-compacting concrete using PPC and OPC with different proportions of fly ash", International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering,(ISSN(O):2454-9665,ISSN(P):2454-0663,Impact Factor: 2.03 ,Vol.3,Issue 04, pp.872-877)
    Subjects Taught
    Soil Mechanics-I
    Engineering Hydrology
    Mechanics of solid -II.
    Hydraulics & OpenChannel Flow
    Field Measurement
    Foundation Engineering
    Hydraulic Machine
    Highway Engineering
    Design of concrete structure-1
    Soil and Rock Mechanics
    Introduction to Solid Mechanics
    LAB Subjects
    Soil Mechanics Lab
    Survey Lab
    Engineering hygrology lab
    Career
    Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering, KEC, Katihar, India ,Feb 2018-Till date
    Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, KEC, Katihar, India ,Jan 2018-Till date
    Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GNIOT, Greater Noida, India,Feb 2017-Oct 2017
    Administrative Responsibilities
      Head of the Department,Civil Engineering

    Happy Learning