Combined State Engineering Services (General Recruitment/Special Recruitment) Examination-2021 (UPPSC)

 

UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (UPSC) PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS/RECRUITMENT TESTS (RTs) -2022

 

Target GATE & ESE 2022 (Strength of Material)

 👉Elongation in prismatic bar 

                        △ = ү.L^2/2E

                        △ = WL/2AE

Here, △ = elongation in prismatic bar

           L = length of bar

           W = self weight of the bar = ρ.A.L

          E = young's modulus of elasticity

          ү = Unit weight of material

👉 Elongation in conical bar

               ∆ = ү.L^2/6E

👉 Elongation in conical bar due to self weight is one third of elongation in prismatic bar due to self weight. 

👉 Important Relationship

    E = 2N (1+μ)

   E = 3K(1-2μ)

   μ = (3K-2N)/(6K+2N)

   E = 9KN/3K+N

where,

        N = Modulus of rigidity/Shear Modulus

        K = bulk modulus

        E = Modulus of elasticity/ Elastic modulus

        µ = Poisson's ratio ( 0 to 0.50)

👉   Modulus of Resilience is energy stored upto elastic limit per unit volume.

👉       △Sudden = 2.△static

👉 strain is the fundamental behaviour but stress is a derived concept because strain can measured with some instrument  and is a fundamental quantity however stress can only be derived , it can not be measured.

👉 If loading of nth degree, then shear force diagram is of (n+1) degree and bending moment diagram  is of (n+2) degree

👉For bending moment M to be maximum

     dM/dx =0 and we know dM/dx  = Shear force (V)

    Bending moment is maximum at the section where shear force is zero or changes sign.

👉        dM/dx = V       (Slope of Bending moment = shear force)

             dV/dx  = w        (Slope of shear force = loading intensity)

             M = ∫ V dx

             V  = ∫ w dx

             d2M/dx2 = dV/dx  = w

   M = Bending moment

   V = shear force

   w = loading intensity

 👉Point of contra-flexure is the point where bending moment changes it's sign

👉        Real Beam             Conjugate Beam

        Hinged Support              Hinged Support

        Free Support                  Fixed support

        Fixed support                  Free support

        Internal roller                  Internal hinge

        Internal hinge                  Internal roller

   

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JAM 2022 Notification

 

UPSC Examinations 2021

 

GATE 2022 Question Paper Pattern

 

GATE 2022 Notification

 

Target GATE & ESE 2022 (Geomatics Engineering)

 👉The correct sequence of the survey is

    (a) Traffic survey

    (b) Reconnaissance survey

    (c) Preliminary survey

    (d) Detailed survey or location survey

👉Topographical survey is done to determine information about man made and natural features on earth surface including their elevations.

👉Reconnaissance survey is a kind preliminary survey which is performed to find out method of survey to be adopted and its rough cost.

👉Cadastral survey is done to establish property boundaries.

👉Archaeological survey is done to collect information about old and relic structures.

👉 Transverse surveying is done with the help of compass and chain.

👉Geodetic surveying (Curvature of earth is taken into account) is done with the help of precise instruments such as Theodolite 

👉Weddle sounding machine is used to determine depth of sea in hydrographic surveying.

👉The principal of surveying is work from whole to part.

👉 Various instruments used in surveying and their purpose:

• Pegs: To mark survey station and end points of survey lines on the ground
• Ranging Rod: For locating a number of points on a long survey line
• Offset rods: To set out offset line at right angles
• Prism Square: Setting out right angles
• Clinometer: To measure the slope of ground
• Optical Square: To set out right angles
• Prismatic Square: Advanced version of Optical Square and used to set out right angles
• French Cross Staff: Used to set out either 45 degree or 90 degree
• Open Cross Staff: Type of cross staff which is also used to set out 90 degree
• Theodolite: To measure of all horizontal and vertical angles
• Dumpy Level: Measurement of angle and elevation
• Auto Level: For Levelling purpose

                                                                    Fig 1.  Optical Square

                                                              Fig.2 French Cross Staff

👉Offsets are lateral measurement made w.r.t main survey line which may be oblique or perpendicular in nature.

👉The main objectives of cross staff survey is:

• To locate boundaries of an area
• To plot the figure to a scale
• To find area of the piece of land to be surveyed.  

👉Methods commonly used in reconnaissance surveying for measurement of horizontal distance are:

• Pacing
• Passometer
• Pedometer
• Odometer
• Measuring wheel
• Speedometer
• Perambulator

                                                                  Fig 3. Passometer

  

 Fig 4. Pedometer

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Target ESE 2022 (Basics of Material Science & Engineering)

 👉Atoms are made of electron, proton and neutrons. 

👉 Electrons and protons are negative and positive charged particles respectively. The magnitude of each charged particle in an atom is 1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs.

👉The mass of electron is negligible as compare to proton and neutron.

👉The unit of mass is an atomic mass unit

          1 a.m.u = 1.66 x 10^-27 kg 

👉Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.

   1. Stable particles: Electron, proton and neutron

   2. Unstable particles- positron, neutrino, anti-neutrino and meson

   3. Composite particles- Deuteron and alpha- particles

👉Electron: It carries a very small negative electrical charge.

                      It has negligible mass i.e. its mass is 1/850th of the mass of hydrogen atom.

👉Proton: It carries small positive electrical charge. 

                   Mass of each proton is same as that of hydrogen atom.

                   Protons are also present in all all the atoms.

 👉Neutron: It does not carry any electrical charge. Its mass is equivalent to that of proton.

👉 Positron or positive electron: The positron or antielectron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. The positron has an electric charge of +1 e

👉Meson: The mass of meson is in between the mass of electron and proton.

                   Mesons were discovered during cosmic ray studies.

👉 There are two types of meson (i) p-meson which is heavier (ii) m-meson which is light

👉Both type of mesons may be either negatively or positively charged.

👉Deuteron: It is positively charged.

                      It is heavy hydrogen nucleus.

 👉 Alpha Particles: They are double charged helium nucleus.

                                    They appear as product of radioactive decay.

👉Meson carries a either negative or positive charged.

👉The weight of an electron is 1/1836 of the weight of proton or neutron.

👉Avogadro Number(N) = 6.023 x 10^23

👉Mean distance between atoms in the range of 0.23 nm.

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Target ESE 2022 ( Basics of Energy and Environment)

👉 Ecology: Study of ecosystem. 

👉Ecosystem: It was coined by A.G Tansley

👉Environment: Everything that surrounds or affects an organism during its life time is collectively known as its environment. It comprises both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.

👉Components of Environment  

             Abiotic (Non-living)                                     Biotic (Living)

               Energy                                                          Green plants

              Radiation                                                      Non-green plants

          Temperature & heat flow                                 Decomposers

                Water                                                             Animals

                 Soil                                                                  Man

👉When an ecosystem is healthy (i.e. sustainable) it means that all the elements live in balance and are capable of reproducing themselves. Ecosystem can be as small as a single tree or as large as entire forest.

👉Types of ecosystem

        (i) Natural                        (ii) Artificial (e.g.  Zoo, aquarium, gardens)

👉 Natural ecosystem can be classified as

       (a) Terrestrial (e.g. Forests, Grasslands, deserts)      (b) Aquatic (e.g.  Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Ponds)

👉Ecotone: Transition zone between two different zones of ecosystem.(Ecotone is a zone of junction between two or more diverse ecosystems)

e.g. Mangrove forests represent an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem

 

👉In the Ecotone region , population densities of certain species is greater than adjoining regions. This phenomenon is called Edge Effect.

e.g. Coastal region, wetlands

👉 Characteristics of Ecotone

• It may be very narrow or quite wide
• It has the conditions intermediate to the adjacent ecosystems. Hence it is a zone of tension
• It is linear
• A well developed ecotones contain some organisms which are entirely different from that of the adjoining communities. 

             

                          

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Target GATE & ESE 2022 (Building Materials)

 Do you Know?

👉Blaine's Air Permeability apparatus is used to test fineness of cement.

                                        

                                                    Fig 1. Blaine Air Permeability apparatus

👉Vicat's needle is used to determine the setting time of cement.

                                                               Fig 2. Vicat's Apparatus

👉Soundness of cement is determined by Le-Chatelier apparatus.

 

Fig 3. Le-Chatelier Apparatus

👉According to IS 4031 Part 5, the initial setting time is conducted on cement by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.

👉Low heat portland cement can be used for mass concreting in very large structure while rapid hardening portland cement is unsuitable for it.

👉Gypsum is used in the cement grouts for retarding the setting time.

👉According to IS code for an ordinary portland cement (OPC), the initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time should not be more than 10 hours (600 minutes)

👉Fine grinding leads to high early strength.(the finer the cement the higher is the rate of hydration which results in early development of strength.)

👉The temperature range in a cement kiln is 1300 to 1500 degree centigrade.

👉Specific gravity of cement is determined by using Le Chatelier's flask.

👉In OPC following are the proportion of oxides

                 Cao  ----------  63%

                SiO2 ----------- 20%

                Al2O3----------- 6.3%

               Fe2O3------------- 3.60%

               MgO-------------- 2.40%

👉 Following is the compound composition in OPC

             Compound                                  Wt %

     Tricalcium silicate, C3S(Alite)        45-60

     Dicalcium silicate,C2S (Belite)      15-30

    Tricalcium aluminate, C3A              6-12

Tetracalcium aluminoferrite, C4AF      6-8

                                                     

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